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澳洲paper代写business globalization

浏览: 日期:2020-05-27

What is business globalization?

Business globalisation was initiated in the early centuries as a way of integrating the world ofeconomists, business and political activities which were focussed on cost associated protection. This resulted from the idea of declining international economic integration. This gave birth to several international institutions that were supposed to oversee international trade by removing the barriers to trade. It is thus a process that aimed to be beneficial to all people within a country and in the whole world. However, globalisation is nowadays involving many other activities which are multivariate in approach. It involves economics, social and political dimensions. Globalisation is therefore having various aspects which are affecting the world in different ways. Such aspects include looking for the markets for the products and access to a range of foreign products which are required for their productions. Since the inauguration of globalisation, the industrialist system has recorded an unbelievable number of achievements. The industrial revolution has fetched a new standard of prosperity, shape and comfort to the people of the world.

Factors that have accelerated production and market globalisation

There are so many factors which are thought to affect globalisation both in the market and production process. There has been an advancement made by large segments of the world population in this age of globalization. There is good evidence that globalization has led to increased production and also at the same time increased the markets for these goods and services. Let us see some of the factors which are said to have accelerated the production and market globalization. (Kawai, 2002, pp 167-204).

New technologies

The modern technologies are one of the factors which are thought to have accelerated production and the global market. In the last two decades of the 20th century, the world has experienced a fundamental change in the perception of the world and one of the reaching transformations has been the economic structural changes on the global scale. The backbone of all these changes is seen to lie on the technological information revolution. The innovation of the new technologies gas made many countries to grow and a good example in this case is e-marketing. E-marketing promotes more personal contact between the seller and the buyer. E-marketing is a part of e-commerce which involves electronic medium which his sued to achieve marketing objectives. It is set of a strategic level which uses traditional marketing and businesses strategies. As was highlighted earlier, many companies have responded to the new marketing styles. An efficient e-marketing model does not only involve communication with the buyers but it takes into consideration other aspects like the production, distribution, and transformation of the organization and its cooperation to an e-business organization in all aspects. In the early days of its application, many organizations came up with theories of disintermediation as the new drives to the new economy and which were later adopted in the production and distribution of goods and services. It is with e-marketing that most of the producers have been in a position to produce most of their goods and sale to the potential consumers effectively. As a result, you will find that since the marketing process has been made easy, then the producers of these goods will be in a position to produce more goods since the new technology ensures that proper marketing strategies has been developed hence leading to the increased growth of these countries. (Kawai, 2002,pp 167-204).

Another good example in this case is the use of internet in most of the activities which are done by many of the companies. The internet can be used to advertise the various goods and services which are produced by these companies. As a result, you will find that most of the consumers will be in a position to know the new products which have been introduced in the market hence leading to increased production. As a result, you will find that in the global market, most of the consumers will be in a position to access these products hence leading to the increased production of these goods and services. Consumers are also in a position to shop online. This is one of the modern technologies associated with globalisation so you find that with online shopping, then consumers will be in a position to access these goods without actually travelling to the areas which these goods have been produced. As a result, you will find that with the introduction of the new technologies, the production of these goods have been increased in the global market hence leading to a diversified growth in these countries. (Kawai, 2002, pp 167-204).

Cultural homogeneity

Cultural homogenization can be defined as the domination of a particular culture over the other cultures. Culture in this case means shared believes, values, attitudes, languages among others. This is the situation whereby you find that there is only one culture which is used by so many people. So due to globalization, it has led most of the economies in a village market whereby there is free trade of goods and services and you also find that there is no restrictions on this trade. So, many argue that Cultural homogenization is seen to have positive impacts in the global market. Global market in industries says tourism and the hospitable industries means that we will have the same culture in this industry. So, this is important in the sense that when we have culture homogeneity in the global market, it means that trade in this case will be made easy. A good example is in the common language. If we have a common language which is been spoken in the provision of these services, then you will find that there will be no language barriers when delivering these services. One of the major barriers to trade is language barrier. So, if a common language is established to be used by all countries when providing these services, then it will mean that people will be in a position to communicate with each other effectively. All people from every region of the country will be in a position to get these services effectively hence leading to a greater importance to those people who trade in this businesses. You will also find that the economic growth of these countries who deal with the tourism industries will be in a position to grow. So, with a cultural homogeneity, then you find that theglobalisation process will definitely increase since when we have a common culture in terms of a common language, then it means that there will be no language barriers and countries will be in a position to produce and sale their goods at the global market without any problems. So, cultural homogeneity is one of the factors which are thought to have accelerated the production and market in the global process. (Boswell, and Dimitris, 1997, pp 288-308).

Consumerism

Consumerism in economic terms means the policies that place more emphasis on the consumption and also the free choice of consumers in the purchase of good and services. With globalization, it means that there is a homogenous consumption of goods and services. It is a world where everyone can eat the same food just like the other, people can dress the same and also the entertainments are usually the same. This is because it is a village market whereby all economies of the countries meet to exchange their goods and their services. So, in this case, consumerism is one of the factors which are thought to have accelerated the production and the market of goods and services in the global market. This is because there is a ready market for these products. Many consumers are willing and able to purchase these products since with global market; you find that there is the production of different qualities of products hence the consumers in this case are free to choose the kind of product they want. So, in this case, due to the free export of these good and services, the consumers from every part of the world are in a position to access the goods and services of their choice hence leading to a ready market for the producers of these goods and services. As a result, you find that the producers can increase their production since they are sure that there is a ready market for these goods. So, with consumerism, it’s argued that its one of the factors which are said to have accelerated the rate of globalisation in the marketing and the production process. (Boswell, and Dimitris, 1997, pp 288-308).

Enhanced economic interdependence

Economic interdependence can be taken to mean the economic corporation of many countries. Many countries are thought to have increased their economic interdependence. These countries are seen to come together for the trade purposes. A good example in this case can be seen in the formation of NAFTA, WTO, and UNACTAD among other bodies which are said to have increased the production and the market globalisation. A good example in this case is NAFTA (North American free Trade association). It is with the formation of NAFTA the member countries have been in a position to expand in growth. This is because it is a free trade association between the member countries whereby there are reduced tariffs to the members of the association. So, with this you find that the infant industries in these countries can be protected hence leading to their increased production. So, you will find that these countries will be in a position to produce more goods and services and sale them globally hence leading to the growth of the economy. So, it can be argued that the increased economic interdependence has led to the increased production of goods and services and also the globalisation market. This is because these countries have made trade agreements so that they can promote trade. (Boswell, and Dimitris, 1997, pp 288-308).

It is also with the increased economic integration that economies have been in a position to improve on infrastructure. You find that the communication process in this case has been made easy since the communication travel for these goods are made easy. So, you find that with good infrastructure, the production of these goods and services have increased since they can be transported quickly and marketed so quickly. The integrated labour force is also another area which has led to the increased production of goods. This is because the integrated labour ensures that people from other countries can work in a given country as long as they have the skills. So, in this case you find that there is employment of more expertise in the production of goods and services hence leading to the increased production and the globalisation market. (Boswell, and Dimitris, 1997, pp 288-308).

Impacts of globalization

Globalisation has so many impacts both to the individuals and the communities at large. The empirical evidence on the impacts of globalisation is seen in many areas and some of these areas include the following. (Boswell, and Dimitris, 1997.pp 288-308).

Poverty eradication

It is noted that poverty is a global “bad” hence calls for a concerted collective action by all countries to help in eradicating this poverty levels especially in the poor countries. In a globalized world, societies from anywhere are said to benefit from poverty eradication and this is because of the negative externalities which are thought to be associated with certain things like conflicts in the sharing of the economies resources, the spread of communicable diseases which are thought to interfere with the development of a country and lastly the harm which is given to the environment. Poverty reduction has remained the central challenge to majority of the countries especially the developing countries. It is with the help of globalization that majority of the countries have been in a position to reduce their poverty levels. There is great evidence that with the introduction of globalisation, it has been in a position to eradicate poverty levels and eventually accelerating growth in most of the countries. It is an important catalytic role in both accelerating growth and also at the same time reducing poverty levels. A good example in this case can be explained by analysing the developing countries. You find that the developing countries have been in a position to grow out of globalisation. This is because with globalisation, it means that there is a common market for goods and services and at the same time there are no restrictions to trade. It means that the developing countries that are not in a position to compete with the already developed countries can now compete well with them since you find that with globalization, it means free trade that is a trade which is free from trade restriction. Most of the developing countries found it hard to trade globally due to the introduction of tariffs which were usually high for the infant industries to meet. They had limited exports since the tariffs which were imposed when exporting these goods and services were high hence leading to the increased costs of production. It is out of the increased costs of production that the infant industries from the developing countries could not realize their competitive advantage hence leading to increased poverty levels to these countries. As a result, the countries which are still undergoing development can now benefit from globalization since it means that they are in a position to export there products freely and hence can compete effectively with the other developed countries. As a result, it means that globalisation has done so much in eradicating poverty levels especially in the developing countries. (Boswell, and Dimitris, 1997, pp 288-308).

Impact on inequality

Global inequality in this case is seen as more complex issue. The trades in the global inequality is said to depend more on the changes in inequality that is between and also within countries. It is well known that global inequality has reduced and this is out of the inclusion of the developing countries in the globalisation process. The issue of Global inequality is seen in two dimensions and this is inequality between individuals and also inequality between countries. A good example in this case can be explained by the developing countries. Inequality is seen to reduce in the developing countries since you find that they are not left behind from the benefits of globalization. There is equal participation of all countries in the global market and you find that there are no restrictions to countries to participate in this market. It is with globalisation that the poverty gap between the rich and the poor countries has reduced. This is because of the equal participation of all countries in to the benefits that are associated with globalization. So, the issue of integrating economies together is seen to have many advantages to majority of the countries and hence it is a good initiative since it involves a common market for the sale of goods and services to all economies of the world and no country has lagged behind from the benefits of globalization. (Fischer, 2003, pp 1-30).

On the centrally, I as an individual have experienced income inequality increasing in many of the major industries and this has been experienced over the last five years. The degree of this inequality has some variations in many of the countries say in U.S.A. and Britain where there is an increased inequality respectively and also seen to be lower in the continental economies. You find that the major industries are allocated with majority of the resources while the infant industries are left to suffer. As a result, you will find that these companies will not be in a position to compete with the advanced companies and this might lead to their closure. (Fischer, 2003, pp 1-30).

Another area of inequality is seen in the individuals. Individuals in the sense that you find that in the sharing of income, some people tent to benefit at the expense of the others. The rich in this case will continue to be rich while the poor at the same time will continue to be poor. This is because it’s only the rich people who will be in a position to access these goods and services while the poor are actually left to suffer. So with this you will find that globalisation will at the same time lead to increase inequalities between countries and the individuals as well. (Fischer, 2003, pp 1-30).

The internationalization of the market has a direct impact in most important sectors which are mostly dominated by the poor. Mostly, the poor are kept in those sectors which are widely associated with the production but not in the distribution. The poor producers do not benefit from globalisation as the middle class men always makes the best of the un informed poor men in the globalise world. Thus the globalise trade in agricultural and livestock commodities from the poor are lowly paid for. This makes such sectors to be lagging behind in terms of industrialization. However, it is in the agricultural markets that rich countries have been stubborn in putting favourable policies for the free trading conditions. (Fischer, 2003, pp 1-30).

Conclusion

Globalization in business is one of the areas which have led to most economies to improve. A good can be explained by analyzing the developing countries. It is out of globalization that most of the developing countries that could not compete effectively with the developed countries are seen to benefit a lot from the issue of globalization. Globalisation is seen to have so many advantages as when compared to the disadvantages with globalisation. It is seen to have increased production hence leading to the economic growth of countries especially in the developing countries.

Reference
  • Fischer, S 2003, “Globalization and its challenges.” American Economic Review, pp 1-30.
  • Kawai, M 2002, “Global and National Approaches to the International Financial Architecture”, International economy, pp 167-204.
  • Wong, J and Sarah, C 2003, “China-Asian free trade agreement. Shaping the future of economic relations”. Asian Survey, pp 507-526.
  • Boswell, T and Dimitris, S 1997, Globalization and international labour organizing, work and occupations, pp 288-308.
  • 商务全球化是什么?
    作为整合集中在相关的成本保护世界上的经济学家,商业和政治活动的一种方式,在世纪初开始商业全球化。这导致下降,国际经济一体化的想法。这就催生了一些国际机构应该监督国际贸易,消除贸易壁垒。因此,这是一个过程,旨在给所有的人,在一个国家内,在整个世界是有益的。然而,全球化是时下涉及许多其他的活动,这是多元的方法。它涉及到经济,社会和政治层面。因此,全球化的各个方面,以不同的方式影响世界。这些方面包括寻找市场的产品和国外产品,都需要为他们制作了一系列的访问。由于全球化的就职典礼,实业家系统已经记录了一个令人难以置信的成就。工业革命牵强世界人民的繁荣,形状和舒适的新标准。
    加快生产和市场全球化的因素
    有这么多的因素,在市场和生产工艺被认为是影响全球化。目前已经由世界人口大段一大进步,在这个全球化的时代。有很好的证据,全球化已经导致产量增加,也同时增加了这些商品和服务的市场。让我们来看看一些说,纷纷加快了生产和市场全球化的因素。 (卡瓦依, 2002年,第167-204页) 。
    新技术
    现代化的技术,这被认为是加速生产和全球市场的因素之一。在20世纪的最后二十年,世界已经历了根本性的改变对世界的看法和深远的变革之一,已经在全球范围内的经济结构转变。所有这些变化看到趴在信息革命的技术骨干。新技术的创新气体使许多国家增长,在这种情况下,一个很好的例子是电子营销。 E -营销促进更多的卖方和买方之间的个人接触。网络营销的一部分,电子商务涉及到电子媒体,他的起诉,以达到营销的目的。它被设置为使用传统的市场营销和企业战略的战略层面。正如之前强调的,很多企业都应对新的营销风格。一个高效的电子商务营销模式并不只涉及与买家沟通,但需要考虑到其他方面,如生产,分配和转化的组织和合作组织在各方面的电子商务。在其应用初期,很多机构想出了新经济和新的驱动器脱媒理论后来被采纳的商品和服务的生产和销售。它是电子营销,大部分生产者一直在产生的大部分货物和销售的潜在消费者有效的位置。作为一个结果,你会发现,由于营销过程中已变得相当容易,那么这些商品的生产商将在一个位置,以生产更多的商品,因为新的技术,确保适当的营销策略已经发展从而导致增加的增长这些国家。 (卡瓦依, 2002年,第167-204页) 。
    在这种情况下,另一个很好的例子是互联网的使用在大多数的活动都做了许多公司。互联网可以被用来宣传这些公司所生产的各种商品和服务。作为一个结果,你会发现,大多数消费者会知道新产品,已在市场上推出,从而导致产量增加的位置。作为一个结果,你会发现,在全球市场上,大部分消费者会在一个位置访问这些产品,从而导致这些商品和服务的生产增加。也有消费者在网上购物。这是与全球化相联系,所以你发现,网上购物,那么消费者会在一个位置访问这些货物不实际行驶的地区,这些货物已生产的现代技术之一。作为一个结果,你会发现,这些商品的生产,引进新技术,已增加在全球市场,因此导致在这些国家的多元化增长。 (卡瓦依, 2002年,第167-204页) 。
    文化同质化
    文化同质化,可以被定义为一个特定的文化比其他文化的统治。认为在这种情况下,意味着共享的文化,价值观,态度,语言等等。情况是这样的,让你发现只有一个这是这么多的人所使用的文化。所以,由于全球化,导致大部分的经济在一个村子里市场,有商品和服务的自由贸易,你还可以找到在这个行业,有没有限制。因此,许多人认为文化的同质化被看作是在全球市场产生积极的影响。说,旅游和热情好客的行业,意味着我们将在这个行业有相同的文化产业的全球市场。所以,在这个意义上,这是很重要的,当我们在全球市场中的文化同质化,这意味着,在这种情况下,贸易将变得容易。一个很好的例子是在共同的语言。如果我们有一个共同的语言,这是在提供这些服务的发言,然后你会发现,在提供这些服务时,将不会有语言障碍。交易的主要障碍之一是语言障碍。所以,如果提供这些服务时要使用的所有国家建立一个共同的语言,那么这将意味着,人们将在一个位置,有效地与对方沟通。所有的人都从每一个地区的国家将是在一个位置,有效地从而导致更大的重视,在此业务交易的那些人谁获得这些服务。你还会发现,这些国家的经济增长,处理与旅游产业将在成长的位置。所以,文化同质,然后你发现,全球化进程肯定会增加,因为当我们有一个共同的文化方面的共同语言,那么就意味着将不会有语言障碍,国家将在一个位置产生和出售自己的商品在全球市场上没有任何问题。所以,文化的同质性,被认为有加速全球过程中的生产和市场的因素之一。 (博斯韦尔,季米特里斯, 1997年,第288-308页) 。
    消费主义
    在经济方面的消费意味着政策更加重视消费和消费者自由选择商品和服务的购买。随着全球化,这意味着,有一个均匀的产品和服务的消费量。这是一个世界,就像其他每个人都可以吃同样的食物,人们可以穿着相同,也娱乐通常是相同的。这是因为它是一个村庄所有国家的经济市场,满足他们的商品和服务交换。因此,在这种情况下,消费是被认为已经加快了在全球市场上的产品和服务的生产和市场的因素之一。这是因为这些产品是一个现成的市场。许多消费者愿意并且能够购买这些产品,因为全球市场,你会发现有生产不同质量的产品,因此在这种情况下,消费者可以自由选择他们想要什么样的产品。所以,在这种情况下,由于这些良好和服务出口的自由,从世界的每一个部分都在一个位置访问他们所选择的商品和服务,从而导致一个现成的市场,这些商品的生产者消费者和服务。作为一个结果,你会发现,生产者可以增加他们的生产,因为他们肯定有一个现成的市场,这些货物。因此,与消费,它辩称,其说在营销和生产过程都加快了全球化率的因素之一。 (博斯韦尔,季米特里斯, 1997年,第288-308页) 。
    增强经济相互依存
    可以采取经济上的相互依存意味着许多国家的经济公司。许多国家被认为是增加了他们的经济相互依存。这些国家被视为贸易的目的走到一起。在这种情况下,一个很好的例子可以看出,在形成了北美自由贸易区,世贸组织, UNACTAD其他机构之间说增加了生产和市场全球化。在这种情况下,是一个很好的例子NAFTA (北美自由贸易协会) 。它是与北美自由贸易协定成员国一直在一个位置,以扩大增长的形成。这是因为它是一个自由贸易协会成员国之间由此该协会的成员降低关税。所以,你可以在这些国家的幼稚产业保护,因此导致其产量增加。所以,你会发现这些国家将是在一个位置,以生产更多的商品和服务,以及销售他们从而导致全球经济增长。所以,可以说,经济相互依存增加,导致增加生产的商品和服务,也是全球化市场。这是因为这些国家的贸易协定,使他们能够促进贸易。 (博斯韦尔,季米特里斯, 1997年,第288-308页) 。
    这也是增加经济一体化,经济一直在一个位置上,以改善基础设施。你发现,在这种情况下的通信过程中已变得相当容易,因为这些货物的通信旅游容易。所以,你会发现,这些商品和服务的生产,良好的基础设施增加,因为它们可以快速运输和销售的这么快。集成的劳动力也是另一个领域,从而导致增加生产的商品。这是因为一体化的劳动力,确保来自其他国家的人们可以工作在一个给定的国家,只要他们有能力。所以,在这种情况下,你会发现有雇用更多的专业知识,在生产的商品和服务,从而导致增加生产和全球化的市场。 (博斯韦尔,季米特里斯, 1997年,第288-308页) 。
    全球化的影响
    全球化有这么多的同时影响的个人和社区大。对全球化的影响,表现在很多方面的经验证据,这些领域包括以下内容。 (博斯韦尔,季米特里斯, 1997.pp 288-308 ) , 。
    消除贫困
    据指出,贫困是一个全球性的“坏” ,因此呼吁所有国家协调一致的集体行动,以帮助消除贫困水平,尤其是在贫穷国家。在一个全球化的世界中,从任何地方社会说受益于消除贫困,这是因为这被认为是相关的某些事情,例如在经济资源的共享,这被认为是传染病的传播冲突的负外部性干扰是一个国家的发展,最后这是考虑到对环境的危害。减贫一直保持大多数的国家,尤其是发展中国家面临的主要挑战。大多数国家是全球化的帮助下,一直在一个位置,以减轻他们的贫困水平。有很大的证据,随着全球化的引进,一直在一个位置,以消除贫困水平,并最终在大多数国家增长加快。这是一个重要的推动作用,既加速增长,也同时降低贫困水平。在这种情况下,一个很好的例子可以解释分析发展中国家。你会发现,发展中国家一直在全球化成长的位置。这是因为全球化,这意味着有一个共同的对商品和服务市场,并在同一时间,有没有贸易限制。这意味着,发展中国家是不是在与发达国家竞争的位置现在可以与他们竞争,因为你发现,随着全球化,这意味着自由贸易,这是一个贸易是贸易限制。大多数发展中国家发现很难全球贸易由于关税通常很高,以满足婴幼儿产业的引进。他们有有限的出口,因为这些商品和服务出口时征收的关税高,从而导致生产成本上升。这是出于生产成本的上升,来自发展中国家的幼稚产业可能没有意识到自己的竞争优势,从而导致这些国家的贫困水平增加。因此,有哪些国家仍处于发展现在可以从全球化中受益,因为这意味着他们在出口产品自由,因此可以有效地与其他发达国家竞争的位置。因此,这意味着全球化做了这么多,尤其是在发展中国家消除贫困水平。 (博斯韦尔,季米特里斯, 1997年,第288-308页) 。
    对不平等的影响
    更复杂的问题,在这种情况下,被视为全球不平等。在全球不平等的行业说更多地依赖之间和国家内部也不平等的变化。众所周知,减少全球不平等,这是发展中国家在全球化进程中列入。全球不平等的问题,被认为是在两个维度,这是个人和国家之间的不平等之间的不平等。在这种情况下,一个很好的例子可以解释发展中国家。不平等被认为减少在发展中国家,因为你会发现他们都没有留下全球化的好处。有平等地参与所有国家在全球市场上,你会发现有没有限制的国家参与到这个市场。这是与全球化,穷人和富人国家之间的贫富差距已经减少。这是因为所有国家的平等参与与全球化相关的利益。所以,经济整合在一起的问题是看到大多数国家有许多优点,因此它是一个很好的举措,因为它涉及到一个共同市场出售商品和服务在世界所有经济体,没有一个国家已经落后落后于全球化带来的好处。 (菲舍尔, 2003年,第1-30页) 。
    就集中了,我作为一个个体有经验丰富的许多主要行业收入不平等的增加,这已经在过去五年经历。这种不平等的程度有一些变化,在许多国家说,在美国和英国,那里是一个不平等的增加分别也看到了大陆经济体低。你会发现,大部分资源分配,而主要行业的幼稚产业都留给遭受。作为一个结果,你会发现,这些公司将不会在与先进的公司竞争,这可能会导致其关闭的位置。 (菲舍尔, 2003年,第1-30页) 。
    个人被认为是在不平等的另一个领域。个人在这个意义上,你会发现,在收入分享,有些人不惜牺牲别人帐篷受益。在这种情况下,丰富,将继续成为富人,而穷人的同时,将继续是穷人。这是因为它只有有钱的人谁将会在访问这些商品和服务,而实际上离开穷人受苦的位置。因此,这一点,你会发现在同一时间,全球化将导致国家和个人之间的不平等增加。 (菲舍尔, 2003年,第1-30页) 。
    市场国际化的最重要的部门,大多是穷人为主有着直接的影响。大多数情况下,穷人都保持在这些领域被广泛分布的生产,但不伴有。贫穷的生产者没有从全球化中受益的中产阶级男人总是做出最佳的联合国知情贫穷男子,在全球化的世界。因此,从穷人的农业和畜牧业商品贸易的全球化是弱旅支付。这使得这些部门落后于工业化。然而,这是在富裕国家的农产品市场,在自由贸易条件下把有利的政策一直固执。 (菲舍尔, 2003年,第1-30页) 。
    结论
    业务的全球化是导致大多数经济改善的领域之一。可以解释一个很好的分析发展中国家。是大多数发展中国家不能有效地与发达国家竞争的全球化从全球化的问题,被视为受益颇多。全球化被视为全球化的缺点相比,有这么多的优点。已见增加生产,从而导致国家的经济增长,尤其是在发展中国家。
    参考
    菲舍尔2003年,S , “全球化及其面临的挑战。”美国经济评论“ ,第1-30页。
    川井,男2002年, “全球和国家的国际金融架构”的方法,国际经济,第167-204页。
    黄, J和莎拉, C 2003 , “中国 - 亚洲自由贸易协定。塑造未来的经济关系“ 。亚洲调查显示,第507-526页。
    博斯韦尔, T和季米特里斯, S 1997年,全球化和国际劳动组织的工作和职业,第288-308页。